By the end of the war, in , the war was technically over. However, in , victory was finally declared over Sweden. Two wars occured during the period from The Second Northern War saw the end by the signing of several peace treaties.
Ulrik Goldenlove, one of the most famous Norwegian viceroys, led the country. Before he came, over 1, official government officials were hired for the government.
War broke out once again in Northern and Eastern Europe. The Danish-Norwegian alliance joined the Russian military and others to fight the Swedish, the British, and other nations.
Fearing another aboslute monarch, representatives in Norway gathered to establish the Norwegian Constitution, which was similar to the US constitution in a way.
Trade and Labor unions were common throughout the s and s. The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions was established before However, the Norwegian Employers Confederation was established the year after. The topic about woman in the s was a highly debated topic during the time of the labor unions. During the early s, Norway joined the French in the Napoleonic Wars, in which the Norwegians were being blocked by the British Royal Navy and also being invaded afterwards by the Swedish.
However, the Swedish were defeated several times by the Norwegians. A ceasefire was signed in In , the Norwegians fought with Napoleon's forces in the Battle of Leipzig, where the Russian and the Coalition faced off against Napoleon, who was defeated. Norwegian party members of the Michaelson's Cabinet pushed for a Norwegian consulate, only to be 'shot down' by the Norwegian king, who, on June 7th, approved of the disollution of the union. Norway adopted a neutrality policy just before the start of WWI.
However, this did not help, since the Norwegian Merchant Marine was ordered to assist and support the British Navy. In general, Norway was a battle ground for intelligence and spies for both the Central Powers and the Allied Poweres. This lasted throughout the entire war as the Norwegian Merchant Navy assist the Allies.
Like the previous war, Norway adopted a neutrality document. However, over the course of three years, the Norwegians find their country taken over after the Nazis invade the country, with the Norwegians fighting back against the invading Nazi forces. Combined with a drop in productivity, Norwegians were quickly confronted with scarcity of food so many turned to growing their own crops and keeping livestock.
Transport infrastructure and homes were burned to the ground with populations fleeing to the mountains and living in caves. In early , returning Norwegian forces slowly took back the region and helped the remaining population to deal with the harsh Arctic winter and occasional German air raids.
Norway started negotiations for the creation of a Scandinavian defense union, but instead opted to become a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO. The Labour Party retained power throughout this period and enforced a policy of public planning. Construction of new railroads, hydroelectricity plants, aluminum works and a steel mill helped the country to recover, as did the hosting of the Winter Olympics in Oslo. Throughout the post-war period, fishing and agriculture became more mechanized, while agricultural subsidies rose to the third-highest in the world.
Heavy industry grew in the s and Norway became Europe's largest exporter of aluminum. In , oil was discovered in the Ekofisk field, which would eventually become one of the largest oil fields in the world. The emerging industry not only created jobs in production, but a large number of supply and technology companies were established. High petroleum taxes and dividends from state-run Statoil earned the government significant revenues — and continues to do so. In , Ekofisk experienced a major blowout and people were killed when the Alexander Kielland accommodation rig capsized in Regulation increased, and by Norway was Europe's largest oil producer.
The population rejected EU membership in a referendum, but the country joined the European Economic Area and the Schengen Agreement. These decisions contributed to the rise in population from 4. Population growth is expected to continue and hit 6 million sometime before What does the future hold for Norway?
Only time will tell! Did you enjoy this whistlestop tour of Norway's history? If so, why not share the love of Pinterest? We've got just the pin for that….
He now works as a professional writer on all things Scandinavia. Thank you, it was very clear with the most important topics. It helped me a lot. Awesome article. I just traced my ancestors back to Norway. Wish I could find more records before that. I so enjoyed your podcast as we drove through Norway. Thank you for enriching our trip.
I also loved the intro music. Can you tell me what it is please? Many kind thanks. The article is extremely informative. I enjoyed it very much and learned much. I will this summer Norway, Oslo and many other cities visiting and what I have learned will be a great help. Thank You. Thanks please to make us know about the history of Norway, I love Norway with its beautiful scenarios features. Praying hard that at one time get a chance visit Norway.
Thank you so much for these explanations of the main steps of Nowegian History, Norway which is at the origin of my maternal family i Bergen.. I often return to this beautiful country, especially next September.. Ha det bra.. I would love to visit Norway after reading your article. The history is so rich and the geography is amazing. Thank you for the wonderful article.
This greatly helped me in my report on Norway, and I learned a lot. Well written, easy to understand, and overall a great article. Thanks a million. Those who have had informal contact with immigrants tend to be sympathetic and positive toward them, but those who have not had such contact tend to be less positive. In a survey in , 64 percent of residents agreed that the country should continue to take in as many immigrants and asylum seekers as it does currently.
Over 90 percent of the surveyed population agreed that immigrants should have the same job opportunities as native residents, affirming a basic belief in equality of opportunity. The national culture is informed by an anti-urban bias that idealizes the natural environment and rural life.
Regional policies are aimed at providing a high level of services and amenities in less populated regions to encourage people to remain there rather than migrate to urban centers.
Cities such as Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim have low population densities since they incorporate substantial areas of undeveloped "natural" forests within their boundaries that are used by the residents for recreation. In Oslo, streetcars run through the city to the edge of the forest, where they empty their cargo of hikers and skiers.
While all the cities have parks for relaxation and enjoyment, those manicured urban environments are not as culturally important as the wilder and less regulated woods, mountains, and seashores. A walk in the woods on Sunday morning, either on a challenging trail or on the "family path" suitable for baby buggies and wheelchairs, is considered almost essential for coping with urban stress.
In the winter, these paths become cross-country ski trails. Cities, thus, attempt to incorporate natural areas to counterbalance the built environment.
Similarly, residential dwellings usually have their own mode of indoor-outdoor living. Single-family homes and apartment houses usually have a deck, balcony, or porch that gives residents convenient access to the outdoors. While many older residences have straight sidewalks and broad, open lawns, many newer houses are nestled into their own miniature woods of closely planted trees and evergreen shrubs. The distinction between the built environment and the natural environment is often blurred as these two areas are made to interpenetrate.
Except perhaps for Oslo's City Hall, which serves as a landmark for ships coming up the fjord to the harbor, government architecture is usually less awe-inspiring and intimidating than inviting and approachable. The Storting, or parliament hall, in Oslo is built to a human scale and is embedded within a busy downtown area with considerable foot traffic.
The Royal Palace, which is situated on a small hill overlooking a busy street, is the destination for thousands of cheerful marchers in the Constitution Day parade as they greet and are greeted by the royal family waving from the balcony. Seating in parks and public places is not conducive to conversation among strangers.
Acquaintances can find seating next to each other, but not in an arrangement that encourages eye contact and conversation. This configuration allows people to use public space without drawing attention to themselves or invading the personal space of others. In homes, in contrast, furniture often is arranged to encourage conversation among family members and friends.
Homes should be furnished to reflect the good taste of their owners, often with the clean simplicity of Scandinavian design, using natural materials such as wood and wool. Food in Daily Life. The food considered by many to be most typically Norwegian is brown cheese that is thinly sliced with a cheese plane a Norwegian invention and eaten on bread. Breakfasts frokost usually consists of coffee, breads including flatbread or crisp bread , pickled or smoked fish, cold meats, perhaps boiled eggs, and milk products such as cheese, butter, yogurt, and varieties of sour milk.
Fish and meat pork, beef, lamb, chicken, and whale and boiled potatoes, usually served with gravy or melted butter, traditionally have defined the late afternoon meal middag. Root vegetables such as carrots often supplement potatoes. Beer or wine is drunk occasionally in the evening.
Pizza and hamburgers are popular occasional meals and often are served at fast-food restaurants. Chinese, Indian, and other ethnic restaurants often occupy the medium-price niche, while restaurants with seafood and continental cuisine are the most expensive. In the last several decades, the cuisine has become more diversified and international. The consumption of fats has gone down in the last twenty years, the consumption of meat has never been higher, and the consumption of fish has gone down Women work in a Rabol, a traditional farm kitchen.
Hafjell, Norway. The popularity of potatoes has declined, while that of rice and pasta has gone up. Cereal consumption is stable. Norway has continued to hunt minke whales along its coast. Whale meat is eaten as steaks or in a stew. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. For Constitution Day, many families traditionally eat a meal of flat bread, thinly sliced dried meats, and milk porridge, with beer or aquavit as a beverage.
Christmas meal traditions vary by region and may include roast pork, other meat, or lutefisk. On festive occasions, both restaurants and family meals may feature a kaldt bord with a large array of cold meats, cheeses, shrimp, smoked or pickled fish, salads, jams, and soft and crisp breads.
Cloudberries and lingonberries, both of which grow wild on mountain plateaus, are particular favorites. Basic Economy. The country is highly dependent on international trade for manufactured consumer goods but has a trade surplus.
Most employment is in highly specialized services and manufacturing, with only a small workforce in the traditional occupations of forestry, farming, and fishing. In a labor force of more than two million workers, approximately 72 percent are in services, 23 percent work in industry, and 5 percent engage in agriculture, forestry, and fishing.
The currency is the Krone Crown. Land Tenure and Property. The allocation of farmland is regulated carefully to encourage the continuity of ownership within the family line. Farms are not divided among heirs, thus avoiding the fragmentation of farms into small, economically nonviable units. The lineal descendants of a farmer have the first right to purchase a farm.
Conflicts over farm boundaries and the surreptitious movement of boundary stones are part of the folklore of most agricultural districts. Hikers have the right to walk on unplanted farmland. Commercial Activities. Firms produce, package, distribute, and sell food products, beverages, textiles, clothing, footwear, wood products, furniture, and chemicals for domestic consumption. Printing, publishing, and media production are important enterprises for a highly literate nation that is a world leader in the consumption of newspapers, magazines, and books per capita.
Major Industries. As a consequence of the discovery and exploitation of North Sea oil in the s, Norway has become the world's second largest exporter of oil and natural gas.
Much of this production is managed by Statoil, a government enterprise. Since the country has exported hydroelectricity, which it produces in excess of domestic needs. Although shipbuilding has declined, Norway has one of the leading merchant fleets, with approximately ships. Other exports include transportation equipment, electrometallurgical products, electrochemical products processed with hydroelectric power , paper and pulp from the extensive forests, and fish, increasingly produced in fish farms in coastal waters.
For the home market, the country produces equipment, furniture, and textiles. About half the manufacturing firms are located along the Oslo fjord. Livestock are the most important products of the subsidized agricultural sector.
Exports include petroleum and natural gas, hydroelectric power, metals, chemicals, paper pulp, and fish. The United States is a significant importer of smoked salmon. Manufactured goods, machinery, and chemicals are imported from the trading partners. Division of Labor. Government, labor, and management are integrated into a centralized industrial planning system. Since the s, the principle of codetermination has meant that labor and management increasingly share the determination of daily operations and longer-term planning.
Workers typically have a great deal of autonomy. As a consequence of this trend in industrial democracy, emphasis is placed on training and the upgrading of workers' skills. In contrast to countries where labor is cheap and training is limited, decision making frequently is delegated to lower-level workers. The division of labor is based more on skills than on status and seniority. Classes and Castes. The ethos of egalitarianism is reflected in the highly progressive marginal tax rate on personal incomes.
While income differences are relatively flat, there is a small proportion of extremely rich owners and managers of merchant fleets. Although the affluent are likely to own ski huts in the mountains, their huts may not be better furnished than those of less affluent workers.
Conspicuous consumption is not admired. Leisure time is an important resource for industrial workers, who in will have five weeks of vacation annually. Counting national holidays, this brings the number of working hours in the year down to 1, for industrial workers.
Immigrant populations have tended to move into some of the less desirable and less well-paid occupations such as cleaners and fast food workers. Symbols of Social Stratification. Affluent individuals signal their wealth by driving a luxury car, wearing expensive clothing, and taking expensive vacations.
They may have a posh Oslo accent. However, these differences in possessions and advantages do not symbolize differences in moral worth. The author Aksel Sandemose, in En Flyktning krysser sitt spor , described the law of the fictional village of Jante, which warns that "you should not believe that you are better than we are. Norway is a constitutional monarchy that divides responsibility between the parliament Storting and the King's Council of State, which consists of a prime minister and other ministers of state.
The Storting, which consists of representatives, is the supreme authority and controls finances. Representatives are elected by direct vote for a four-year term. One-quarter of the representatives serve in the upper chamber Lagting , and the rest form the lower chamber Odelsting. Local government is represented by municipalities in eighteen counties. Leadership and Political Officials. Leaders are supposed to be articulate and dedicated spokespersons for the policies of their parties.
Coalition governments that rely on the cooperation of two or more parties are not uncommon. Party leaders receive considerable media attention and are supposed to be accessible to the electorate.
They are not likely to respond to offers of gifts or special privileges. Social Problems and Control. The judicial system has three levels: the district Herredsrett and city A young Lapland boy and girl wearing traditional dress in Kautokeino. Each large fjord or valley has a distinctive costume. If this effort fails, the case can be taken to the district or city court. An "ombud" system has been established to hear complaints about actions by government agencies and private firms.
The crime rate is about ten reported crimes per hundred thousand population. While the rate of crimes against persons is increasing, most crimes involve property. Military Activity. National military service is required, with the option of community service for conscientious objectors. Norway spends 3 percent of the gross national product on defense.
After , the National Insurance Scheme was developed to manage and allocate resources for health, old age, disabilities, widows, widowers, children, and single parents. Approximately 15 percent of government expenditures are for health services. Nongovernmental organizations play an important role in supplementing this welfare system in partnership with the government. Special attention is given to organizations that support disadvantaged citizens through subsidies granted by local governments.
Approximately 62 percent of the population belonged to at least one voluntary organization in Historically, voluntary organizations were first developed in the middle of the nineteenth century as agents of change to support the social movements that were sweeping the country. Voluntary organizational life has been based on unpaid participation, personal membership, and commitment to egalitarian democratic principles. While participation in religious and temperance organizations has declined, membership has increased in organizations devoted to recreation and outdoor sports.
Division of Labor by Gender. In the contemporary period, Norway has followed an ideology, if not always the practice, of gender neutrality in access to economic, political, social, and religious roles. Women entered the workforce in larger numbers during the s but continued to be involved in unpaid work to a greater degree than were men. There are few women in the upper levels of management of businesses and industries.
According to the United Nations Development Programme, which created a "Gender-Related Development Index" to measure achievements in increased life expectancy, educational attainment, and income equality for men and women in countries, Norway ranked second behind Canada and ahead of Sweden. The Relative Status of Women and Men. The cause of gender equality was advanced by the women's movement of the s. At that time, nine of ten women with small children did not work outside the home.
Women began to enter the labor force in greater numbers with the increase in industrialization. Now nearly eight of ten women are employed outside the home. Education is deliberately gender-neutral, with the goal of giving everyone an equal opportunity for self-realization. In the s, women entered Sod roofs of old houses in Roros, a mining town founded in In law and administration, men and women are accorded equality, with parental leaves available for both. Many of the roles traditionally reserved for men, such as the military and politics, are now integrated.
In , at age forty-one, Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland first served as the prime minister, the youngest person and the first woman to do so.
The armed services are sexually integrated, although the majority of service personnel are men. In , the commander of a coastal defense submarine was a woman, with a crew of twenty men and one other woman. Some women's organizations regard this as tokenism and state that when the critical mass of 30 percent women is achieved, they will be pleased with the progress of integration of the armed forces. Marriages are supposed to be romantic love matches between two individuals with similar values and perspectives.
Marrying for economic, social, or political reasons would seem improper to most people. When King Harald, then the crown prince, wished to marry a commoner rather than seek a bride among the royal families of Europe, the nation approved. Currently, 38 percent of residents are married, compared with 47 percent in The divorce rate has doubled in the last twenty years. In this generation, married women have worked for pay outside the household to a greater degree than was the case in earlier generations.
Domestic Unit. Currently, families usually consist of a husband, a wife, and no more than two children. Single-parent families are increasingly common. Two major urban family cultures, with a rural variant, exist.
These cultures include the urban middle-class family, which may focus on a fair exchange of services and an equal sharing of tasks, and the urban working-class family, which may focus on the common good of the family rather than the needs of the individual members. Urban families often create symbolic boundaries between themselves and others; internally, they value "peace and quiet" as a theme of family life.
The typical rural farm family focuses on maintaining a committed, harmonious unit. Divorce seems to be more common in the first type of family. At marriage all material goods become joint property. A couple may enter into a contract specifying that, in case of divorce, each will retain the goods they brought to the marriage.
This may be important in the case of farms and other significant property. Surviving spouses have a right to continue living in the family house until death. Children inherit equally from the parents. Kin Groups. Three-generation family households exist most commonly in rural areas.
Parents and children often choose to live close to each other. Relatives on both sides of a marriage are invited for life-crisis ceremonies such as baptism, confirmation, marriage, and death. Infant Care. With the institutionalization of parental leave from employment, both parents can be available to provide care for infants. Traditionally, infants were regarded as defenseless and in need of constant care. Infants sleep in separate beds or cribs, either in their parents' bedroom or in a separate room.
Breastfeeding on demand is now usual, but in previous generations was scheduled about every four hours.
Fresh air is considered important and often babies are allowed to sleep outdoors in a pram. Stimulation, exploration, and play, both indoors and outdoors, are now emphasized. Some mothers carry infants close to their breast in carrying slings, but the use of prams is more common. Many parents use day care facilities for one to six year olds, although this form of institutional care for the youngest ages is controversial. For older toddlers, the social experience of interacting with others in day care facilities is highly valued.
Child Rearing and Education. The national culture tends to be extremely child-centered. A national welfare system for children was enacted as early as , and in , a national ombudsperson for children was established. Ideally, children should be cooperative and independent. However, socialization tends to be permissive since children are not taught boundary-setting rules and manners early. Childhood lasts longer than it does in many European countries, with adolescence not ending before graduation from high school.
Since numerous mothers are employed, many children are socialized in child care facilities, either privately or through the local authority. Paid babysitters, usually young girls, may provide child care in cities when grandmothers are not available. Confirmation as a member of the church is an important rite of passage. The ceremony is followed by a party to which neighbors and relatives are invited. Girls usually are given a bunad, or folk costume.
In traditional rural society, children were transformed into responsible adults, participating in adult economic activities, without going through a culturally recognized stage of adolescence. In the late twentieth century, adolescence became much more important for developing an identity separate from one's parents. Higher Education. Vocational training or higher education for the majority of citizens is emphasized. After ten years of compulsory schooling, students may go on to an upper secondary school and then to one of the four universities or many colleges.
Education accounts for approximately 14 percent of government expenditures.
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