However, if a loss in biodiversity leads to a decrease in biomass of feed, farmers will no longer be able to raise enough cattle due to the feed shortage. Many people are stressed by their work and sometimes need space to relax.
However, if we further destroy our forests in order to get more settlement space, we will lose many of these recreational environments. In nowadays society, we are just so focused on computers, smartphones and other electronic stuff and lose the connection to nature which our ancestors have built in a natural way.
This loss of connection to nature may lead people to feel something is missing but they do not exactly know why since they have never been in touch with nature yet. Moreover, nature provides a relaxing environment which if lost can lead people to become too stressed and mentally ill. Since we nowadays exploit many natural living spaces to an unhealthy degree, chances are that we lose many food sources which we could otherwise use in the future.
For example, there may be sources of food in the Amazonian rainforests which we have not even explored yet. However, through the deforestation process, these species are likely to be lost even before we can discover them. Apart from the environmental effects which are bad enough, a loss in biodiversity also causes adverse economic effects. For example, if we lost bees, we would suffer from a serious decline in crop yields which would lead the GDP to collapse and would also lead to an increase in famine.
In order to mitigate the problem of the loss of biodiversity, governments are responsible to provide a framework that protects the natural variety of animals and plants. Human greed is endless, thus this will not work without penalizing behavior which threatens a loss in biodiversity. We also have to educate people on how important preservation of biodiversity is for the planet as well as for humanity. Many people are so stressed from their jobs or their social lives that they are not even aware of what a loss in biodiversity really means.
This education on biodiversity should start quite early, probably in the early school age, so that children are already of this issue quite early and can adapt their behavior into adulthood. Species, especially animals, become endangered since people are greedy and want to make as much money as possible.
A list of endangered species is given by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Since the human population increases, we need more settlement space and space to raise crops and cattle.
We have to protect those habitats, since if they are destructed, these animals and plants are likely to be endangered from extinction or even go extinct. Thus, deforestation is a huge problem for the variety of species. If we lose these forests, we will also lose many species which will have negative chain effects on the whole planet.
Reduce the amount of vegetables we eat. Reduce the amount of water we drink. Reduce the use of electricity. Diversity management. Diversity goes beyond just measurable factors like ethnicity, socio-economic status or gender.
It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. First, in addition to assessing the impact of companies on biodiversity , important though this is, increasing emphasis will be given to ecosystem services and how companies rely on them.
This will require development of mechanisms for companies to understand their risk exposure and to manage those risks. Second, greater collaboration is likely to take place between NGOs and business in order to more fully explore ways to reduce harmful trade-offs and identify positive synergies that could lead to more effective sustainable management practices R5. Governance approaches to support biodiversity conservation and sustainable use are required at all levels, with supportive laws and policies developed by central governments providing the security of tenure and authority essential for sustainable management at lower levels.
The principle that biodiversity should be managed at the lowest appropriate level has led to decentralization in many parts of the world, with variable results. The key to success is strong institutions at all levels, with security of tenure and authority at the lower levels essential to providing incentives for sustainable management R5. At the same time that management of some ecosystem services is being devolved to lower levels, management approaches are also evolving to deal with large-scale processes with many stakeholders.
Problems such as regional water scarcity and conservation of large ecosystems require large-scale management structures. For example, most of the major rivers in Southern Africa flow across international borders, so international water co-management organizations are being designed to share the management of riparian resources and ensure water security for all members.
However, political instability in one state may negatively affect others, and power among stakeholders is likely to be uneven. Neither centralization nor decentralization of authority always results in better management. For example, the power of Catchment Management Agencies in South Africa is constrained to their catchment, but impacts may be felt from outside or upstream.
The best strategy may be one with multi-subsidiarity—that is, functions that subordinate organizations perform effectively belong more properly to them because they have the best information than to a dominant central organization, and the central organization functions as a center of support, coordination, and communication R5. Legal systems in countries are multilayered and in many countries, local practices or informal institutions may be much stronger than the law on paper.
Important customs relate to the local norms and traditions of managing property rights and the ecosystems around them. Since these are embedded in the local societies, changing these customs and customary rights through external incentive and disincentive schemes is very difficult unless the incentives are very carefully designed.
Local knowledge, integrated with other scientific knowledge, becomes absolutely critical for addressing ways of managing local ecosystems. More effort is needed in integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable use activities within larger macroeconomic decision-making frameworks. New poverty reduction strategies have been developed in recent years covering a wide range of policies and different scales and actors. However, the integration or mainstreaming of ecosystems and ecosystem services is largely ignored.
It is well documented that many of the structural adjustment programs of the mid- to late s caused deterioration in ecosystem services and a deepening of poverty in many developing countries R International cooperation through multilateral environmental agreements requires increased commitment to implementation of activities that effectively conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable use of biological resources.
Numerous multilateral environmental agreements have now been established that contribute to conserving biodiversity. Convention to Combat Desertification, the U. Framework Convention on Climate Change , and numerous regional agreements.
Their impacts at policy and practical levels depend on the will of the contracting parties R5. Effective responses may build on recent attempts such as through joint work plans to create synergies between conventions.
The lack of compulsory jurisdiction for dispute resolution is a major weakness in international environmental law. However, requirements to report to conventions put pressure on countries to undertake active measures under the framework of those treaties. An effective instrument should include incentives, plus sanctions for violations or noncompliance procedures to help countries come into compliance. Links between biodiversity conventions and other international legal institutions that have significant impacts on biodiversity such as the World Trade Organization remain weak R5.
The international agreements with the greatest impact on biodiversity are not in the environmental field but rather deal with economic and political issues.
These typically do not take into account their impact on biodiversity. Successful responses will require that these agreements are closely linked with other agreements and that solutions designed for one regime do not lead to problems in other regimes. For example, efforts to sequester carbon under the Kyoto Protocol should seek to enhance biodiversity, not harm it for example, by planting multiple species of native trees rather than monospecific plantations of exotic species R5.
Although biodiversity loss is a recognized global problem, most direct actions to halt or reduce loss need to be taken locally or nationally. Indirect drivers like globalization and international decisions on trade and economics often have a negative effect on biodiversity and should be addressed at the international level, but the proximate responsibility to detect and act directly on biodiversity loss is at the local and national level.
For threatened endemic species or ecosystems limited to an area within a single country or local administrative unit, the relevant agencies should give high priority to these species or ecosystems, with appropriate support from global, regional, or national support systems R5.
Numerous response options exist to improve the benefits from ecosystem services to human societies without undermining biodiversity. The political and social changes now occurring in many parts of the world will have far-reaching consequences for the way ecosystem services and human well-being are managed in the future; it is thus imperative to develop an increased understanding of the enabling conditions needed for choosing and implementing responses.
See Box 5. Box 5. Responses do not work in a vacuum. A variety of enabling conditions—a combination of instrumental freedoms and institutional frameworks—play critical roles in determining the success or failure of a response strategy. The success or failure of many responses is largely influenced by the various institutional frameworks in place in a country CF3, R Education and communication programs have both informed and changed preferences for biodiversity conservation and have improved implementation of biodiversity responses R5.
Scientific findings and data need to be made available to all of society. The CONABIO initiative in Mexico and INBio in Cost Rica offer examples of successful national models for converting basic taxonomic information into knowledge for biodiversity conservation policies, as well as for other policies relating to ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecosystem restoration activities are now common in many countries and include actions to restore almost all types of ecosystems , including wetlands, forests, grasslands, estuaries, coral reefs, and mangroves.
Restoration will become an increasingly important response as more ecosystems become degraded and as demands for their services continue to grow. Ecosystem restoration, however, is generally far more expensive an option than protecting the original ecosystem, and it is rare that all the biodiversity and services of a system can be restored R5. Identifying and then negotiating trade-offs is complex, involving different policy options, different priorities for conservation and development, and different stakeholders.
In the case of biodiversity conservation, the challenge is in negotiating these trade-offs, determining levels of acceptable biodiversity loss, and encouraging stakeholder participation. Where trade-offs must be made, decision-makers must consider and make explicit the consequences of all options. Better trade-offs from policies that remove perverse incentives or create markets for biodiversity protection can achieve a given level of biodiversity protection regionally at lower cost R5.
Central to the rationale is that the full range of measures is applied in a continuum from strictly protected to human-made ecosystems and that integration can be achieved through both spatial and temporal separation across the landscape, as well as through integration within a site. Pollution can be prevented by conserving our home energy, reusing some of our domestic items, using public transport and also recycling our garbage.
Invasive species. Some agricultural practice allows only certain types of species to grow in a particular environment. If different species are introduced into this environment, they can either act as predators or competitors for resources, brings unfamiliar diseases, modify habits and can even disrupt important interactions.
When a plant, animal or microbe species moves into a new environment the resident species are affected. By creating a system that prevents the introduction of new species, by monitoring the presence of new invaders and being ready to quickly eradicate them can help solve the problem.
Increase in population has led to increase demand for natural resources. Overfishing, overhunting in fact overexploitation contributes greatly to the loss of biodiversity as many species are being killed. Illegal wildlife trade is the largest threat to biodiversity in many regions of the world. Overexploitation occurs when resources are consumed in an unsustainable way. Government needs to take action by enforcing rules in order to control our forest reserves and people need to be more conscious of what they eat and what they purchase.
Habitat destruction and deforestation is a direct cause to species extinction and loss of biodiversity. Habitat loss occurs when the natural environment is modified by human activities such as pollution, deforestation, over population and even global warming. Habitat loss can lead to habitat fragmentation which occurs when large natural habitats are fragmented due to human activities such as road construction, pipe lines construction, dam construction and many others.
In order to solve this problem the government needs to enact strong protective laws against forest destruction. Human population. Human population has greatly affected the natural environment. Increase population has led to human exploring and occupying new habitat thereby causing massive extinction of many species. Human population has caused the demand for more resources therefore they are forced to destroy many ecosystem to enhance their living.
Conservation of biodiversity. Educating the population. The more people know about biodiversity loss, the more they will be prepared to help reduce the losses.
Most people will agree they want a world with a varied natural environment for them and even for their grandchildren. Getting people know about detrimental human effects on plants and animals can encourage people to change their ways and reduce the threats to biodiversity. We have to learn as much as we can about nature and share our knowledge with others by visiting ecological interpretation centers and natural history museums as well as other biodiversity conservation centers to study local ecosystems.
It is good to volunteer at an organization that focuses on conservation or restoration of habitat. Therefore, education is an important tool for biodiversity conservation. Reducing the use of pesticides. Pesticides are chemical products introduced in to the environment to kill fungi, rodents, weeds, insects, plant diseases, that destroy plants.
Since farmers started using these products, researchers have discovered a lot of contamination in groundwater, soil, plants, animals and even humans. Researchers have also discovered a loss in some plant and animal species and that the pesticides could kill some species that were not targeted for example, termites, earthworms, spiders, honey bee and some bacteria.
You can decrease our own use of pesticides by not treating for example your lawn with pesticides but by using natural fertilizers and you can also allow natural predators such as ladybugs, the praying mantis and ground beetles help take care of problems. Reducing the rate of climate change.
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